refactor: sync English translations with Croatian and clean up landing page

- Restructure login-page content to match Croatian version (remove card-3, add disclaimer)
- Update main-card text structure from text-1/text-2 to single text field
- Update image references and add image-alt attributes
- Add missing translation fields in home-page and location-edit-form
- Remove duplicate card-2.text render in landing page

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

app/[locale]/page.tsx

@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ const Page: FC = async () => {
 
       <h2 className={`${h2ClassName} text-xl`}>{t.rich("card-2.title", paragraphFormat)}</h2>
       {t.rich("card-2.text", paragraphFormat)}
-      {t.rich("card-2.text", paragraphFormat, {})}
 
       <EnterOrSignInButton session={session} locale={locale} providers={providers} />